В современном мире, где люди всё чаще оказываются в крупных торговых центрах, бизнес-комплексах и общественных пространствах, роль эффективной навигации становится критически важной. Visual navigation представляет собой целую систему ориентиров, помогающих людям быстро и комфортно находить нужные места в здании или на территории.
Кто использует визуальную навигацию
Эффективная навигация необходима самым разным людям. Посетители торговых центров и бизнес-комплексов благодаря ей легко находят нужные магазины или офисы. Пациенты медицинских учреждений быстро ориентируются в коридорах больниц, а гости отелей и ресторанов без труда находят свои номера или места в зале. Даже сотрудники офисов, работающие в больших зданиях, ценят возможность быстро добраться до нужного кабинета.
Компоненты визуальной навигации
Современная система навигации включает множество элементов. На стенах размещаются планировочные схемы и карты этажей, указатели направлений и таблички с названиями помещений. Информационные стенды предоставляют дополнительную информацию, а напольные указатели помогают ориентироваться в пространстве. Особое внимание уделяется тактильным элементам для людей с ограниченными возможностями.
Процесс создания навигационной системы
Разработка эффективной системы навигации — это сложный и многоэтапный процесс. Сначала проводится предпроектный анализ, в ходе которого изучается планировка объекта и анализируются потоки посетителей. Затем разрабатывается концепция и создаётся техническое задание. На этапе проектирования готовится дизайн-макет и необходимая документация. После согласования с заказчиком начинается производство элементов навигации.
Изготовление включает в себя создание образцов, их тестирование и корректировку при необходимости. Важным этапом является закупка материалов, соответствующих всем требованиям безопасности и качества. Завершающий этап — монтаж, который включает подготовку поверхностей, установку элементов и проверку их работоспособности.
Сроки реализации проекта
Время создания навигационной системы зависит от масштаба проекта. Для небольших объектов площадью до 1000 квадратных метров обычно требуется 2–3 недели. Проекты средней величины (от 1000 до 5000 квадратных метров) занимают 4–6 недель. Крупные проекты, охватывающие площади более 5000 квадратных метров, могут потребовать 2–3 месяца работы.
Интеграция с цифровыми технологиями
Современная визуальная навигация уже не существует изолированно. Она органично дополняется интерактивными картами и мобильными приложениями. QR-коды и сенсорные экраны позволяют получать дополнительную информацию, а системы информирования делают навигацию ещё более эффективной.
Дополнительные системы позиционирования
Для повышения точности навигации используются различные технологии. Wi-Fi трекинг и Bluetooth-маяки помогают определить местоположение человека в здании. Системы позиционирования по камерам обеспечивают дополнительный уровень точности, а RFID-метки помогают отслеживать перемещение объектов. В открытых пространствах эффективно работают системы GPS и ГЛОНАСС.
Области применения
Визуальная навигация находит применение в самых разных сферах. Торговые центры и моллы используют её для удобства покупателей, бизнес-центры — для комфорта сотрудников и посетителей. Медицинские учреждения создают понятную навигацию для пациентов, а образовательные комплексы — для студентов и преподавателей. Транспортные узлы, культурные объекты и спортивные сооружения также активно внедряют системы визуальной навигации.
Примеры успешных проектов
Мировой опыт показывает, как эффективно можно использовать навигационные системы. В торговом центре Westfield в Лондоне внедрена интегрированная система навигации с элементами дополненной реальности. Аэропорт Чанги в Сингапуре использует комплексную систему с тактильными указателями и голосовым сопровождением. Метрополитен Токио славится своей единой системой навигации с унифицированными знаками.
В России также есть успешные примеры. В ТЦ «Афимолл» в Москве работает многоуровневая система навигации с интерактивными картами. Инновационный центр «Сколково» использует интегрированную систему с цифровым сопровождением. В аэропорту Шереметьево внедрена унифицированная система указателей с мультиязычным контентом.
Тенденции развития
Современные тенденции в области визуальной навигации направлены на создание более удобных и эффективных систем. Происходит унификация элементов, активно внедряются экологичные материалы. Интерактивность и персонализация становятся ключевыми факторами успеха, а интеграция с искусственным интеллектом открывает новые возможности для развития.
Conclusion
Визуальная навигация — это не просто набор указателей и табличек, а сложная система, делающая пространство понятным и комфортным для всех пользователей. Её эффективность зависит от грамотного проектирования, качественных материалов и интеграции с современными технологиями.
Правильно разработанная система навигации не только помогает людям ориентироваться в пространстве, но и формирует имидж организации, повышает лояльность посетителей и способствует успешному функционированию объекта. В будущем визуальная навигация будет становиться всё более умной и персонализированной, используя достижения технологий для создания максимально комфортного пользовательского опыта.
The energy sector is a complex organism, where the price of a mistake can be a multimillion—dollar downtime or, more importantly, a human life. Traditional asset and personnel management methods based on paper logs and manual control are no longer able to cope with the challenges of modern power plants, distribution substations and oil and gas facilities. They are being replaced by digital solutions, and one of the key technologies is the Real—time Precision Positioning System (RTLS). It becomes the digital nerve of the enterprise, turning physical assets and people into visible, manageable, and analysable data.
From blind spots to full control: what benefits RTLS in the energy sector?
RTLS are not just "tags" on hardware. This is a complex ecosystem that answers critical questions in real time: "Where is the repair team?", "Did someone enter the danger zone?", "Which way did this transformer go from the warehouse to the installation point?".
The implementation of RTLS allows us to solve three fundamental tasks:
Improving staff safety. This is the number one priority. Power facilities are full of places with high voltage, extreme temperatures, and moving machinery. RTLS protects these zones with virtual "geofences". In case of unauthorized entry, the system instantly sends a warning to the employee himself and the dispatcher, preventing a potential tragedy. In case of an emergency, such as smoke, the rescue service knows exactly where to look for each person.
Optimization of logistics and asset search. Critical equipment such as special tools, transformers, or repair kits are often lost over a large area of the facility. Searching for it takes up hours of work time. With RTLS, any asset is displayed on a digital map with an accuracy of one meter. This minimizes downtime due to the lack of the right tool and radically speeds up scheduled and emergency operations.
Automation of accounting and process analysis. The system automatically records the time of arrival and departure of personnel from facilities, the duration of work, and transport routes. This data set is invaluable for analytics. It allows you to identify bottlenecks, optimize workflows, prove compliance with regulations, and ultimately improve overall operational efficiency.
Practical application: from an oil rig to a distribution substation
Let's look at how the technology works in specific scenarios.:
Access control to dangerous areas: There are areas with increased chemical hazards on the territory of the refinery. The RTLS system continuously monitors the location of all employees. If an employee approaches such an area without proper security clearance, an instant alert is triggered.
Emergency evacuation and rescue: When an alarm is triggered at a large power plant, the dispatcher sees the exact location of all people on the map in real time. This allows not only to effectively manage the evacuation, but also to accurately direct rescue groups to those who cannot leave the area on their own.
Improving maintenance efficiency: Routine maintenance involves a sequential inspection of multiple nodes. RTLS helps to confirm that the employee physically visited all the necessary points in the correct order and spent the prescribed time on this. The data is automatically entered into the reports.
Indoors Navigation: your partner in building safe and efficient energy
Implementing RTLS is a strategic decision that pays off by reducing risks, eliminating downtime, and optimizing resources. Company Indoors Navigation He has deep expertise in the field of precise indoor and outdoor positioning. We do not just supply equipment, but we develop comprehensive solutions that take into account the unique specifics of your energy facility.
We offer:
Design and implementation of turnkey RTLS systems.
Integration with your existing systems (SCADA, ERP, BMS).
Using various positioning technologies (BLE, UWB, 5G) to achieve optimal accuracy.
Full technical support and support.
In modern energy, information is not just data, it is an asset that saves lives, time and money. RTLS technology transforms your facility from a set of buildings and equipment into a single, smart and transparent system.
Are you ready to remove the "blind spots" and bring security and operational efficiency to a new level? Contact the experts Indoors Navigation for free consultation and development of an individual solution for your company.
RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) is an indicator of the received radio signal power, measured in decibels (dB). The closer the number is to zero, the stronger the signal, and values like -80 dB indicate significant attenuation. In the systems internal positioning (indoor navigation) RSSI serves as one of the key tools, especially where GPS is unavailable. It is most often used with technologies such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11).
In BLE networks, RSSI helps to estimate the relative distance between the transmitter (tag, beacon) and the receiver, for example, to assess the quality of the connection or the power consumption of devices. In Wi-Fi networks, this indicator is used not only for positioning, but also for analyzing coverage, network diagnostics, and solving connection problems.
Here, the "noise level" is a background electromagnetic "blockage", and the calibration coefficient adjusts calculations for specific equipment. Since devices from different manufacturers may interpret the RSSI differently, the measurement scale may vary. The typical operating range is approximately -80 dB to -30 dB (the minimum level is when the device is very close to the transmitter).
How RSSI is used for indoor positioning and asset tracking
In the systems indoor asset tracking (asset tracking within RTLS — Real-Time Locating Systems) RSSI is one of the simplest and most affordable solutions. Its popularity is explained by the fact that many devices already support BLE or Wi-Fi, meaning there is no need to introduce expensive additional equipment.
To build a tracking system, you need:
Beacons or tags (e.g. BLE tags, sensors, smartphones) that emit a signal;
Receivers (gateways) that register the signal strength;
A software platform (RTLS) that collects RSSI, analyzes data, and calculates asset positions.
Using the drop in signal power as you move away, the system can estimate the distance between the beacon and the receiver.
Algorithms based on RSSI
The classical mathematical model used to calculate distance based on a signal is power loss (attenuation) model:
Where:
P(d) — measured signal strength;
d is the distance between the devices;
A and B are constants specific to a particular transmitter.
By default, A=−82A = -82A=-82, B=3B = 3B=3 are often used for BLE devices, but in practice, engineers "calibrate" these parameters for a specific environment, which significantly increases accuracy.
Then, to determine the position of the object, you can apply partial filter (particle filter)The system creates a set of hypothetical "particles" — potential object positions, each particle is assigned a weight depending on the discrepancy between the measured RSSI and the expected one according to the model. The final position is the weighted average of these particles.
Possibilities and limitations of the RSSI method
Advantages:
Cost-effectiveness — you can often use an existing Wi-Fi or BLE infrastructure;
Versatility — the technology is not tied to any one standard: it works with BLE, Wi-Fi and even RFID.
Ease of implementation — Easily scales to different scenarios: tracking equipment, employees or other assets.
Disadvantages:
Signal interference — Walls, furniture, and metal structures affect RSSI, causing reflections, attenuation, and multipath;
Limited accuracy — RSSI can most often give a "zonal" localization, with an error of several meters;
Dense infrastructure is needed — especially for large rooms; lack of receivers can create blind spots;
Height problems (Z-axis) — the method does not determine the vertical location well (for example, on which floor the tag is located).
Comparison: RSSI vs AoA
One of the alternatives to RSSI is AoA (Angle of Arrival, the angle of arrival of the signal). Here are the key differences:
AoA often provides greater accuracy, especially in complex environments, but it is more expensive and requires equipment that supports Bluetooth 5.1 and an antenna array.
When should I choose RSSI for indoor navigation?
If it is important cost-effectiveness and you want to use an existing infrastructure (Wi-Fi or BLE).
If allowed accuracy within a few meters: for retail analytics, geomarketing, tracking personnel or assets in a warehouse, this level of accuracy is often sufficient.
If the project does not require strict submeter accuracy: in such cases, RSSI can be combined with other technologies (for example, AoA) — RSSI covers a large area, and AoA “adjusts” coordinates in critical areas.
RSSI remains one of the most common ways to indoor localizationespecially when simplicity, versatility, and low cost are important. However, it has its limitations: accuracy, sensitivity to the environment, and the need for calibration.
If the task requires high precision (for example, for robotics, AR navigation, or warehouse automation), it's worth considering methods like AoA. But in most cases, RSSI is the optimal choice for asset tracking, analytics, and indoor navigation.
In the modern world, education is undergoing a period of large-scale transformations. According to the latest data from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, there are more than 1,200 higher education institutions in Russia. Over 4 million students study at these universities. Hundreds of colleges and technical schools are added to this number, where about 2 million people receive education.
Every year, the number of applicants is growing, and with it the burden on the infrastructure of educational institutions is increasing. Modern universities are complex architectural complexes where dozens of buildings are interconnected by a network of passageways and stairs. For first-year students and university guests, navigating such an area can be a real challenge.
Why navigation is important for educational institutions
The problem of orientation in the space of an educational institution concerns all participants in the educational process. Students, especially first-year students, often get lost in the labyrinths of university corridors. Applicants and their parents spend valuable time searching for the right classrooms. Even permanent staff sometimes have difficulty finding new premises after redevelopment.
In these conditions, modern navigation solutions are becoming not just a convenient addition, but a necessity. They help to create a comfortable environment for all participants in the educational process and significantly increase the efficiency of the educational institution.
Innovative solutions in university navigation
Today, technology offers many ways to solve the problem of orientation in space. Digital maps with an interactive interface have become one of the most effective tools. They allow you to build the optimal route to the desired office, taking into account all the features of the building layout.
Mobile applications with geolocation function have become a real breakthrough in the field of university navigation. They not only help you find the right office, but they can also send push notifications about important events, schedule changes, or emergencies.
QR codes posted on information stands provide quick access to up-to-date information. Touchscreens at key points of the university provide detailed information about the location of facilities and services. And voice assistants make navigation accessible even for people with disabilities.
Practical application of navigation systems
Modern universities use a whole range of solutions inside their buildings. Dynamic direction indicators help you navigate in real time, and interactive floor diagrams allow you to study the layout of the premises in detail. Route indicator lights provide additional visual support for navigation.
Outdoor information stands with Wi-Fi navigation are used in the open spaces of the campus. Augmented reality technologies allow you to build routes based on the current situation on the university grounds. This is especially important during periods of bad weather or repair work.
Advantages for different user groups
Modern navigation opens up new possibilities for students. They can quickly find the right classrooms and classrooms, receive notifications about class rescheduling and schedule changes. The system suggests the location of the nearest cafes, libraries and other services, making student life more comfortable.
Applicants and their parents have the opportunity to explore the university's territory on their own, find the admissions office and get all the necessary background information. This reduces the stress of admission and creates a positive first impression of the institution.
The university staff also benefits from the introduction of modern navigation systems. Administrators spend less time explaining routes, and a unified information management system allows them to respond quickly to changes.
Global experience in the implementation of navigation systems
The world's leading universities are actively implementing innovative solutions in the field of navigation. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology uses augmented reality technology to create interactive campus maps. Stanford University uses artificial intelligence to analyze student flows and optimize routes.
The University of Cambridge has integrated biometric identification into its navigation system, which allows not only to determine the location of students, but also to provide an additional level of security. Such solutions are becoming the standard for leading educational institutions.
Russian cases
Russian universities are not actively implementing modern navigation technologies. Even Lomonosov Moscow State University does not have its own mobile application with navigation around the campus and inside academic buildings.
But the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has a digital web map and uses student mobile applications with augmented reality functions that help navigate not only buildings, but also on campus.
The future of University navigation
The prospects for the development of navigation systems in education look impressive. Integration with smart city systems will make it possible to create even more effective solutions for spatial orientation. The use of artificial intelligence will open up new possibilities for personalization of navigation.
The development of personalized services will make the system more user-friendly. Neural networks will be able to analyze student flows and suggest optimal routes, taking into account the current workload of rooms and corridors.
And what happened in the end
Modern navigation solutions are becoming an integral part of the educational infrastructure. They not only make life easier for students and staff, but also enhance the prestige of educational institutions, demonstrating their readiness for the technological challenges of the future.
The introduction of smart navigation systems is an investment in the quality of education and the comfort of all participants in the educational process. In the context of growing competition between educational institutions, such innovations are becoming an important competitive advantage.
Indoors Navigation company is ready to offer comprehensive solutions for the creation of modern navigation infrastructure in educational institutions of any kind.
When we hear about 5G, the first thing that comes to mind is the incredible download speed and ultra—high-quality video streaming. However, behind this facade of "speed" lies a much more revolutionary opportunity: accurate positioning of objects in real time indoors. 5G technology is transforming from a tool for content consumption into an infrastructure framework for the digital twin of the physical world. In this article, we will explain exactly how fifth-generation networks open up a new era for navigation inside buildings.
Why is 5G a breakthrough for Indoor Positioning?
Traditional methods like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth (BLE) are good at rough positioning, but face limitations in accuracy, stability, and scalability. 5G approaches the task with a different, systematic approach, using its fundamental advantages:
This year, 5G technology has finally moved from the consumer service stage to the category of critical industrial infrastructure. Thanks to the adoption of 3GPP Release 16 and 17 standards, this technology has acquired its own built-in function of high-precision positioning inside buildings, creating direct competition with established solutions, for example, based on Wi-Fi RTT.
Of particular importance is Release 17, which transforms 5G from a tool for commercial use into a solution for industry. The centimeter accuracy implemented in it allows 5G to compete on equal terms not only with Wi-Fi RTT, but also with UWB solutions in the most important areas, such as occupational safety and control of hazardous areas. As a result, enterprises are able to use a single network for both communication and data exchange, as well as for accurate tracking, consolidating infrastructure.
5G-based positioning solutions differ in a different, systematic approach, using their fundamental advantages:
Сверхнизкие задержки (Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication — uRLLC): Data exchange between the device and the base station is almost instantaneous. This is critically important for applications where every millisecond is important: controlling autonomous equipment or medical devices.
MIMO (Multiple input and Multiple output): The antennas of 5G stations can simultaneously form dozens of narrowly focused beams, communicating with a variety of devices. This allows you not only to establish the fact of the connection, but also to accurately determine the angle of arrival of the signal (Angle of Arrival — AoA), что является ключевым параметром для расчета позиции.
High frequencies (millimeter waves): Although they have a shorter range, their use allows for unprecedented measurement accuracy. signal flight time (Time of Flight — ToF). Комбинация данных о расстоянии (ToF) и направлении (AoA) дает точные 3D-координаты.
How does this work in practice? Key positioning methods in 5G
5G standards are initially tailored for navigation. Unlike previous generations, where positioning was a byproduct, in 5G it is one of the basic functions. The main methods used in fifth generation networks include:
Long-term broadcast using TDoA (Arrival time difference): The device sends a signal that is received by several base stations. Since the signal reaches them at slightly different times, the system calculates the difference with the highest accuracy and, knowing the location of the stations, determines the location of the device. According to research (for example, in the materials arxiv.org ), this method can provide an accuracy of up to 1 meter under ideal conditions.
Позиционирование по углу прихода и углу отправки (AoA/AoD — Angle of Arrival/Departure): Massive MIMO 5G antennas are able to detect at what angle the signal came from the device or at what angle it needs to be sent. By combining data on angles from several stations, the system "draws" the location of the object with geometric accuracy.
Millimeter Wave Technology (mmWave): A key feature of 5G is the use of millimeter waves (mmWave) in the high-frequency spectrum (from 24 GHz). Their physical property — short length — leads to the fact that the signal is repeatedly reflected from objects, forming a dense network of signal beams. Special AI algorithms process this complex pattern of reflections, which eventually makes it possible to scan and map the interior with exceptional accuracy.
In practice, these methods are often combined to eliminate interference and increase reliability.
Areas of application: from smart factories to hyper-personalized retail
Accurate indoor positioning using 5G is not a theoretical task, but a technology that is already changing business processes.
Smart Factories and Logistics (Industry 4.0): Imagine a warehouse where autonomous loaders and robot pickers move along perfectly aligned routes without collisions. 5G allows real-time tracking of not only machinery, but also every product, tool, or container, optimizing supply chains and minimizing downtime.
Safety and emergency management: In the event of a fire or smoke in a large shopping mall or office, the system can accurately locate each person on their smartphone and plot a personalized evacuation route for them on the mobile application display. Rescuers will know exactly where the victims are.
Retail and personalized marketing: The mall can offer customers navigation to the desired store. But more importantly, visitor flow analytics are becoming incredibly accurate. Where do people stay more often? Which way do they choose? This allows you to optimize the product layout and send relevant discounts and offers in real time when the customer is in close proximity to the product.
Healthcare: Tracking expensive medical equipment, monitoring the movement of patients with cognitive impairments within the hospital, organizing the work of mobile disinfection robots - wherever accuracy and reliability are important, 5G finds its application.
The future and challenges
Despite the potential, the massive adoption of 5G positioning is facing challenges. Indoor coverage density should be high, especially for the use of millimeter waves. There are issues of standardization and the cost of infrastructure deployment. However, as noted in various scientific publications, the future belongs to hybrid solutions, where 5G will act as a high—precision "skeleton" of navigation, and technologies like BLE or motion sensors will be "muscles" providing final, ultra-precise localization at a specific point.
Finally
5G is much more than just "fast internet". 5G positioning is already becoming a reality. This is a new nervous system for smart buildings, which gives them the ability to accurately "feel" and track what is happening inside. Company Indoors Navigation it is at the forefront of these technologies, developing solutions that integrate the power of 5G to create a future where every room becomes smart, safe and efficient.
What happens if you combine the museum with smart city technologies? The Smart City pavilion at VDNH will turn out to be a living laboratory of the future, where we, the company Indoors Navigation, have implemented one of the most comprehensive projects of digital transformation of the exhibition space.
In this video, we will show how modern navigation and positioning technologies create a fundamentally new experience for visitors and provide powerful management tools for the administration.
You will see how it works.:
🗺️ A single geographic information system based on the digital twin of the entire pavilion. 📱 A mobile application with intelligent navigation and AR routes. 🎧 A "smart" audio guide that automatically turns on at the desired exhibit. 👁️ A video tracking and analytics system for managing visitor flows. 🌐 A virtual 360° tour that allows you to plan a visit from home.
Our project is not just a map in your phone. It is a complex ecosystem that makes visiting a museum a fascinating journey, and its management is efficient and data-oriented.
In the heart of any megalopolis, where the flows of people, trains and cars intersect, the main challenge of modern urbanism arises — the problem of orientation. The Belorussky transport hub in Moscow is not just a point on the map, it is a complex organism that unites the metro and railway stations of the same name, ground transport stops, underpasses and a well-developed infrastructure of services. Hundreds of thousands of people pass through it every day, and for many, this experience is associated with stress, loss of time, and the need to constantly switch between maps, signs, and questions from passersby. Indoors Navigation has taken on the ambitious task of turning this maze into a transparent, intuitive digital environment where navigation becomes seamless, continuous and completely natural.
From an architectural maze to a digital twin
The first and most difficult stage of the project was to create a high-precision digital copy of the entire TPU. Our engineers and cartographers have carried out extensive work on laser scanning and photogrammetry in order to digitalize not only the room plans, but also all their spatial characteristics. We have digitized the multi-level metro lobbies with their complex passageways, waiting rooms and platforms of the railway station, underground pedestrian galleries, exits to city streets and even the location of turnstiles, elevators and escalators. The most important part of the work was the inclusion of all significant points of interest in the general map — from cafes and shops to ATMs, storage rooms and toilets, because for a person the ultimate goal of the route is often not an abstract geo-coordinate, but a specific place where you can satisfy your need.
The result of this painstaking work is not just a map, but a complete digital model that understands the logic of human movement. The system knows that to switch from the Kazan direction to the Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya metro line, you need to go up to the second floor and go through an underpass, and it can calculate the time of this route taking into account the workload of the halls and the speed of the escalators. It takes into account which exits are open at different hours, and can warn the user that the lobby closest to his destination is closed for renovation, suggesting the best alternative way.
Three faces of one system: application, terminal and web
The key philosophy of the project was versatility and accessibility. We understood that different users prefer different channels of information in different situations, so the navigation system was implemented in three complementary formats synchronized with each other in real time.
The mobile app It has become a personal guide for regular TPU users. Integrated with urban transport applications, it allows you to build a door—to-door route, for example, from a house in the Moscow region to a specific office on Leningradsky Prospekt, taking into account all transfers. The uniqueness of the solution is that at the moment when a person goes down to the subway or enters the station building, the application does not lose it, as happens with GPS navigators, but smoothly switches to using indoor positioning technologies, continuing to guide him through the same interface, with the same voice, with the same accuracy..
Information terminalslocated at key points of the hub — at the entrances to the subway, in the central halls of the station, at the exits to the platforms — have become a salvation for tourists, people without smartphones or those who just want to quickly navigate the place. Touch kiosks with large screens allow you to find the right service in a few taps or set a route to any point of the TPU. The terminal system forms its own network, where each kiosk knows its location, which allows it to offer the most relevant routes from exactly the point where the person is located.
Web version Navigation, accessible from any browser, has become a trip planner for those who like to prepare in advance. A potential passenger can study the TPU circuit from home or office, understand where to get off the train in order to get to the right metro lobby faster, and even "walk" along the future route in 3D mode in order to feel confident in reality.
Use cases: from daily routes to emergency situations
The real value of seamless navigation is revealed in the specific scenarios that are played out daily within the walls of the Belarusian TPU.
For a hurrying passenger, the system becomes a time-saving tool. An office worker who is late for morning planning can still set a route to the exit to Butyrsky Val Street in the aeroexpress carriage, and the application will take him the shortest way, bypassing the crowds of tourists at the main entrance to the metro, warning that there is increased traffic at the junction between stations today and it is better to go up to the floor above. According to our data, using optimized routes allows you to save an average of 5-7 minutes per transfer, which adds up to several saved hours per month.
For the tourist , navigation becomes a guarantee of peace of mind. A foreigner who finds himself at the Belorussky railway station for the first time no longer feels lost. He can find on the map not only a storage room for his suitcase, but also a currency exchange point with the best exchange rate, and from there he can be guided to the bus stop he needs. Integration with the machine translation system in terminals makes navigation available in dozens of languages, erasing the language barrier.
For people with limited mobility, the system provides an accessible route function. When building a path, it takes into account the presence and working condition of elevators, ramps and lifts, allowing a person in a wheelchair or with an injury to the musculoskeletal system to reach the goal without unforeseen obstacles.
For the TPU administration, the collected anonymized data on human flows is an invaluable tool for managing infrastructure. Analytics shows where traffic jams occur regularly, which exits are being used inefficiently, and how flows can be reallocated to increase the overall throughput of the node. This allows not only to increase security, but also to place commercial outlets — kiosks, advertising structures — more efficiently, increasing their passability and, as a result, profitability.
Technologies that make this possible
The seemingly simple user interface hides a complex technology stack. The seamless transition between outdoor and indoor navigation is provided by a hybrid algorithm that switches in real time between GPS, GLONASS, data from cell towers, Wi-Fi triangulation and the signal from Bluetooth beacons installed indoors. The positioning accuracy inside buildings reaches 1-3 meters, which is enough to identify a specific door or escalator.
A dynamic routing system based on graph databases constantly recalculates optimal paths, taking into account not only the static geometry of space, but also operational information about the closure of an exit, repairs, or an emergency situation. Integration with the API of urban transport systems allows you to show up-to-date schedules of commuter trains and buses, making navigation truly lively and useful.
Conclusion: seamless as a new standard of urban life
The project at TPU Belorussky clearly demonstrates that the future of urban mobility lies in integration and seamless operation. The urban environment is no longer a set of disparate zones with different navigation rules and is turning into a single, understandable and friendly digital space.
The successful implementation of this project is only the first step. The technologies developed in one of Moscow's most complex transportation hubs are ready to scale to other urban infrastructure facilities: airports, large business centers, university campuses, stadiums, and shopping galleries.
The company Indoors Navigation continues to develop this area, working on the integration of navigation systems with smart urban services such as e-tickets, carsharing and delivery services. Our goal is for people in the city of the future to be able to solve their problems without thinking about logistical barriers, trusting technology to play the role of an invisible but reliable guide.
A quiet revolution is taking place in the huge distribution centers of modern marketplaces, where tens of thousands of products pass through every day, and hundreds of employees move between the shelves. Traditional management methods based on paper lists and manual accounting are giving way to intelligent positioning systems that transform chaotic movement into a slender digital ballet. These technologies, combining tracking of goods, equipment and personnel, create a fundamentally new environment for marketplaces – an environment where every object and every employee become part of a single digital ecosystem with precision to the centimeter.
Modern positioning systems inside marketplace warehouses are complex technological complexes that combine ultra-broadband (UWB) tags, Bluetooth beacons, and computer vision. Unlike traditional accounting systems that require constant manual data entry, the new solutions offer continuous monitoring of all assets in real time. When an order collector takes an item off the shelf, the system not only records this action, but can also suggest the optimal route to the next collection point, saving precious seconds, which turn into hours and days of saved time on the scale of a large warehouse.
The anatomy of a Smart warehouse: from tags to analytics
At the heart of any modern marketplace distribution center is a positioning system that resembles the nervous system of a living organism. Every product, every cart, and every employee are equipped with special tags that continuously exchange signals with a network of receivers deployed throughout the warehouse. These signals do not pass through concrete walls and metal structures, but they can achieve accuracy that is unattainable by conventional GPS technologies. Such systems are particularly impressive in multi-tiered warehouse complexes, where traditional navigation methods simply lose their orientation in three-dimensional space.
Один из крупнейших маркетплейсов внедрил подобную систему на своем флагманском складе площадью более 100 000 квадратных метров. Результаты превзошли все ожидания: точность комплектации заказов увеличилась на 15%, а скорость обработки заказов выросла на 20%. Но что еще важнее – система позволила выявить неочевидные узкие места в логистических потоках, которые годами оставались незамеченными. Оказалось, что некоторые зоны склада создавали своеобразные «пробки», где сотрудники тратили до 30% рабочего времени на ожидание. После реорганизации этих зон общая эффективность работы склада выросла как минимум на 12%, что в денежном выражении составило десятки миллионов рублей ежегодной экономии.
Pick-up points as a center of customer experience
Marketplace pick-up points, often located in busy urban areas, pose a particular challenge to positioning systems. With limited space and high visitor traffic, every minute of downtime results in queues and customer dissatisfaction. Intelligent tracking systems allow you to optimize these processes, turning chaotic traffic into a strictly organized flow. When the courier arrives for unloading, the system already knows exactly where each shipment should be placed, and the staff at the pick-up point receive precise instructions on their mobile terminals.
The example of a network of pick-up points in one of the leading marketplaces is particularly illustrative, where the introduction of a positioning system has reduced the average customer service time from 7 to 3 minutes. This is made possible by accurate tracking of each order within the premises – from the moment it is received to delivery to the final recipient. The system automatically determines the optimal storage location for each parcel, taking into account its size and delivery time, as well as predicts peak loads, allowing staff to be reallocated in advance. As a result, customers receive their orders faster, and operators work at a more comfortable pace without hassle.
Marketplace Office Centers: a digital ecosystem
Outside of warehouses and pick-up points, positioning systems find equally interesting applications in office complexes of marketplaces, where hundreds of employees from various departments are concentrated. In these smart spaces, tracking technologies help not only to find people and equipment, but also to optimize the office space itself. By analyzing actual employee movement routes between departments, the system can offer more efficient job placement, reducing unnecessary movements and increasing overall productivity.
After implementing the positioning system, a large marketplace with an office campus of 25,000 square meters found that about 40% of meetings between employees of different departments occur randomly in corridors and recreation areas. This observation led to a revision of the concept of office space – instead of the traditional zoning by departments, special collaborative zones were created, which increased the efficiency of cross-functional interaction by 18%. At the same time, the system made it possible to reduce the loss of office equipment (laptops, projectors, mobile devices) to almost zero, since now the location of each valuable item is always known with accuracy to a specific office.
Transport logistics: from the warehouse to the customer's door
Транспортные потоки маркетплейсов представляют собой сложнейший организм, где системы позиционирования играют ключевую роль. Отслеживание транспортных средств начинается еще на территории распределительных центров, где каждая машина проходит через систему точного позиционирования, позволяющую оптимально распределить доки для разгрузки. В пути транспорт оснащается специальными трекерами, которые работают даже в условиях городских «каньонов», где обычные GPS-сигналы теряются среди высотных зданий.
The combination of transport tracking and internal positioning systems in warehouses provides particularly impressive results. One of the European marketplaces, which implemented such integration, reduced the downtime of vehicles during unloading from 90 to 35 minutes. This is possible due to the fact that the system knows in advance the exact location of each product in the warehouse and can prepare it for loading even before the arrival of the car. Drivers receive precise instructions on their tablets, including the optimal route through the warehouse and the specific dock where they need to drive to. As a result, transport no longer stands idle in queues, but works as a well-established mechanism, saving time and fuel.
The future of smart marketplaces
Развитие систем позиционирования для маркетплейсов движется в сторону все большей интеграции и интеллектуализации. Современные решения уже сегодня начинают включать элементы искусственного интеллекта, способные не просто фиксировать текущее состояние, но и прогнозировать развитие ситуаций. Система может заранее предупредить о вероятном возникновении «узких мест» в логистических цепочках или предложить оптимальное перераспределение персонала между участками работы. В перспективе это приведет к созданию полностью автономных складов, где большая часть решений будет приниматься искусственным интеллектом на основе данных систем позиционирования.
The company Indoors Navigation is at the forefront of these technologies, offering marketplaces comprehensive solutions for accurate tracking of goods, equipment and personnel. Combining high positioning accuracy with a powerful analytical platform, our systems are already helping the largest market players optimize their operations and improve customer service. In a world where speed and accuracy of order fulfillment are becoming key competitive advantages, intelligent positioning systems are no longer optional – they are becoming an essential element of a successful marketplace, its digital nervous system that ensures the smooth operation of all processes from the moment an order is placed to its receipt by the customer.
Когда каждый товар, каждый сотрудник и каждый транспорт в цепочке поставок маркетплейса становится видимым и управляемым, это меняет саму философию электронной коммерции. Больше нет необходимости держать избыточные запасы «на всякий случай» – теперь можно точно знать, где находится каждый товар в режиме реального времени. Нет нужды тратить ресурсы на поиск потерявшихся отправлений или простаивающего оборудования – система предоставляет всю необходимую информацию мгновенно. И самое главное – появляется возможность принимать управленческие решения, основанные не на предположениях, а на точных данных, собранных со всей инфраструктуры маркетплейса. В этом и заключается подлинная ценность современных систем позиционирования для электронной коммерции – они превращают сложные, запутанные процессы в прозрачную, эффективную и предсказуемую систему.
The invisible chaos behind the scenes of aviation kitchens
In the giant catering complexes of international airports, where tens of thousands of on-board rations are prepared and packaged daily, there is a complex ecosystem of kitchen equipment, whose turnover resembles a well-established but extremely fragile mechanism. Each pan, heating trolley, and serving tray, worth hundreds of dollars, runs a complex route from a centralized kitchen through storage areas, loading terminals, and all the way to the aircraft cabin, where it begins its return journey after use. Traditional accounting systems based on paper logs and manual checks have long been unable to cope with the scale of modern air transportation, creating control gaps that result in millions of losses for airlines.
Modern digital tracking systems for on-board kitchen equipment are complex technological complexes combining RFID tags, Bluetooth beacons, UWB locators and cloud-based analytical platforms. Unlike outdated accounting methods that require hours of inventory and are prone to human error, the new solutions offer continuous monitoring of each piece of kitchen equipment in real time, creating a digital twin of all airline equipment. When a heated trolley leaves the catering company's warehouse, the system not only records this event, but can also predict its further route, automatically detecting anomalies and potential losses.
The anatomy of Smart control: from Tag to Cloud
The heart of the modern on–board equipment control system is a network of sensors and identifiers that turn ordinary kitchen items into connected IoT devices. Each piece of equipment is equipped with a special tag capable of withstanding extreme temperatures of washing and disinfection, while maintaining the ability to transmit a signal at a distance of up to 100 meters. These tags, working in symbiosis with a network of receivers deployed throughout the airport – from the kitchen workshops to the apron areas – create a detailed digital map of movements with an accuracy of up to 30 centimeters, which is especially critical in conditions of limited space in cargo compartments and onboard kitchens.
Dubai International Airport, after implementing an RFID tracking system for 85,000 avionics, reported a 67% reduction in inventory losses in the first year of operation. But more importantly, the system made it possible to identify non–obvious bottlenecks in logistics chains where equipment was delayed for no apparent reason. Data analysis showed that about 15% of food carts spent an extra 2-3 hours in transit areas due to suboptimal return routes. After optimizing these processes, the airport was able to reduce the total fleet of equipment by 12%, saving more than $3 million annually on purchases of new inventory alone.
Passenger experience: invisible concern for comfort
For premium class passengers waiting for delicious meals on board, equipment monitoring systems become a guarantee that specially ordered gastronomic experiences will not turn into disappointment due to lost equipment on the way to the plane. Intelligent tracking systems allow catering services to track in real time that a specific caviar feeding kit or a special baby food heater has already been loaded on board and is in its proper place. This is especially critical for transit flights, where equipment can be overloaded several times between planes, creating potential points of failure in a complex logistics chain.
Qatar Airways was able to reduce the number of incidents with missing serving items in business class by 82% after the introduction of a precision tracking system for on-board equipment. The system, integrated with the flight attendants' mobile devices, warns staff in advance of any deviations from the loading plan, allowing them to quickly resolve problems before they become noticeable to passengers. As a result, the level of satisfaction with on-board meals increased by 18 percentage points according to annual surveys, which for the premium segment airline is directly converted into customer loyalty and repeat bookings.
Airport staff: from chaotic searches to transparent control
For catering staff and ground staff, equipment tracking systems become digital assistants, eliminating the endless search for a specific cart or serving set among thousands of similar ones. Mobile terminals with integrated navigation through the interior of the airport allow you to find the necessary equipment in minutes, rather than hours, as it used to be. This feature is especially valuable in the huge warehouse complexes of hub airports, where business class inventory alone can occupy several thousand square meters of shelving space.
At London Heathrow, the introduction of an equipment positioning system for 12,000 catering staff has reduced the average search time for a specific item from 47 to 6 minutes. But more importantly, the system automatically records who took specific equipment and when, creating a transparent system of responsibility. After the system was launched, the number of inventory damage cases decreased by 41%, as each employee now knew that their actions with the equipment were being recorded and could be analyzed later in the event of an incident.
Warehouse logistics: from manual accounting to digital flow
На складах бортового оборудования, где хранятся тысячи наименований инвентаря общей стоимостью в десятки миллионов долларов, системы трекинга совершают настоящую революцию в методах управления. Умные стеллажи с RFID-антеннами автоматически фиксируют поступление и выдачу каждого предмета, исключая возможность «исчезновения» оборудования между инвентаризациями. Системы компьютерного зрения, дополняющие RFID-технологии, способны распознавать повреждения на ранней стадии – например, микротрещины в керамической посуде или деформацию металлических частей тележек, – что позволяет своевременно выводить такой инвентарь из оборота до того, как он станет причиной инцидента на борту.
Singapore-based catering company SATS, after implementing the smart warehouse system, was able to increase equipment turnover by 23% without expanding warehouse space. This was made possible by accurately analyzing the actual return dates of each type of inventory and optimizing its storage. By analyzing historical data, the system has learned to predict peak loads on specific types of equipment before holidays or major events, allowing resources to be redistributed between different airport warehouses in advance.
Traffic flows: synchronization of ground operations
Особая сложность в управлении бортовым кухонным оборудованием возникает на этапе транспортировки между кухней, складом и самолетом. Специализированные грузовики и тележки, курсирующие по перрону, часто становятся «черными ящиками», где теряется контроль над инвентарем. Современные системы трекинга решают эту проблему, устанавливая датчики не только на само оборудование, но и на транспортные средства, создавая полную цифровую цепочку перемещений. Когда тележка с подогревателями пищи покидает кухню, система автоматически проверяет соответствие списка загруженного оборудования заданию на рейс, сразу выявляя возможные ошибки.
At Frankfurt Airport, the introduction of such a system has reduced the number of errors when loading on-board equipment by 73%. Every truck heading to the plane is now equipped with a tablet that shows the driver in real time the list of inventory to be loaded and its exact location in the back. This is especially important in the maintenance of wide-body aircraft, where loading takes place through several doors at the same time, and any error in the distribution of equipment can lead to flight delays.
Boarding: precision precision before departure
The final and most crucial stage in the chain of movement of on–board kitchen equipment is its loading into the aircraft. Here, tracking systems are integrated with the aircraft's on-board systems, creating a digital twin of the entire loaded inventory. Flight attendants use their tablets to get an accurate layout of each piece of equipment in the kitchen areas, which is crucial for operational passenger service during the flight. If a cart was mistakenly loaded onto the wrong plane, the system will instantly detect this discrepancy and alert staff before the doors close.
Delta Airlines, after implementing the precision loading control system, was able to reduce the number of flight delays related to on-board power problems by 68%. The system automatically checks the loaded equipment against the menu of a particular flight, immediately identifying inconsistencies. For example, if pork carts were mistakenly loaded onto a flight with a majority of Muslim passengers, the system will give a signal before the plane departs from the gate, allowing you to quickly correct the situation and avoid a potential conflict on board.
The Future of smart control: from tracking to forecasting
The development of control systems for on-board kitchen equipment is moving towards the integration of artificial intelligence and predictive analytics. Modern systems are already beginning to not only record the current state, but also predict equipment wear, optimal routes for its movement, and even potential points of failure in logistics chains. In the future, this will lead to the creation of fully autonomous on-board inventory management systems, where most decisions will be made by algorithms based on the analysis of huge amounts of historical and real data.
Lufthansa Technik is already testing a system that, based on tracking data and usage analysis, can predict the need to repair or replace kitchen equipment before it fails. This is especially important for expensive specialized devices such as on-board ovens or coffee machines, the downtime of which can seriously affect the quality of service in the premium class. In the future, such systems will be able to automatically order spare parts or even new inventory, maintaining optimal inventory levels without excessive costs.
Conclusion: digital transparency as a competitive advantage
For modern airlines and airports, on–board kitchen equipment control systems are no longer just an accounting tool - they are becoming a strategic asset that affects key business indicators. Reducing losses of expensive inventory, optimizing logistics processes, preventing flight delays, and increasing passenger satisfaction are all directly translated into financial results and reputational benefits.
Indoors Navigation, with its unique experience in developing precision positioning systems for complex infrastructure facilities, offers the aviation sector comprehensive solutions that combine high tracking accuracy with deep analytics and ease of integration into existing processes. In an industry where every minute of downtime results in thousands of dollars in losses, and a lost serving set can ruin a passenger's experience of the entire flight, digital transparency in flight equipment management is becoming not a luxury, but a necessity.
Когда каждый предмет бортового инвентаря – от дорогой кофемашины до простой ложки – становится видимым и управляемым на всем пути от кухни до салона самолета и обратно, это меняет саму философию авиационного кейтеринга. Больше нет необходимости держать избыточные запасы оборудования «на всякий случай» – система точно знает, где находится каждый предмет и когда он будет доступен для следующего использования. Нет нужды тратить сотни человеко-часов на ручные проверки и инвентаризации – вся информация доступна в реальном времени. И самое главное – появляется возможность принимать управленческие решения, основанные не на догадках, а на точных данных, собранных со всей цепочки движения бортового оборудования. В этом и заключается подлинная ценность цифровой трансформации в авиационном кейтеринге – она превращает сложный, запутанный процесс в прозрачную, эффективную и предсказуемую систему.
In huge office centers, where hundreds of employees move between floors every day, in multi–tiered hospital complexes with their endless corridors, on industrial sites the size of a small city - everywhere there is an invisible problem that has not been solved effectively for a long time. It's about accurately recording and tracking the movement of equipment, people, and assets within large enclosed spaces where traditional GPS/GLONASS technologies are powerless. Modern internal positioning systems have become the missing link that turns chaotic traffic into orderly data that brings real economic benefits.
When walls stop being an obstacle: indoor tracking technologies
Modern internal accounting systems are complex ecosystems that combine Bluetooth Low Energy technologies, ultrasonic sensors, RFID tags, and computer vision. Unlike the primitive accounting systems of the past, which required manual data entry or periodic inventories, the new solutions offer continuous monitoring in real time. In bank offices and depositories, this means instant detection of the movement of valuable assets, in hospitals – the ability to quickly find expensive medical equipment, and in warehouses – optimization of logistics flows without stopping work processes.
The transformation that has taken place in transport hubs is particularly significant. Major airports such as Дубай или СингапурFor several years now, internal positioning systems have been used to track trolleys, loading equipment and luggage, which cannot be said about Russian ones. Accuracy of up to tens of centimeters allows you not only to know where an object is located, but also to analyze its movement patterns, identifying bottlenecks in logistics and saving millions on process optimization. When every extra meter of baggage cart travel, multiplied by thousands of flights, turns into significant costs, such systems pay off in an amazingly short time. And such systems pay off even faster when frequent losses of carts and containers of on-board kitchen equipment, which are not cheap at all, are stopped by service companies at different airports.
Office spaces: from chaos to transparency
Modern business centers, especially those owned by large IT companies, have long ceased to be just spaces with workplaces. These are complex organisms with hundreds of laptops, servers, mobile devices, and other valuable equipment circulating daily. Internal accounting systems have transformed the management of these assets from a headache for administrators into a transparent and automated process. Now you don't have to spend hours searching for a specific device – just open a special dashboard where the location of each asset is displayed in real time with the history of its movements and the user's data who took it last.
An interesting case demonstrates one of the campuses Google in California, where the introduction of an equipment tracking system allowed reduce equipment losses by 40% already in the first year of use. But more importantly, it has become possible to analyze exactly how the equipment is used, which rooms are most in demand, and how space can be optimized to improve work efficiency. When it comes to tens of thousands of square meters of office space, such data becomes invaluable for making managerial decisions.
Medicine under control: when every minute counts
In medical institutions, internal accounting systems are no longer just a convenient tool – in some cases, they literally save lives. Modern hospitals are equipped with a huge amount of specialized equipment, which often costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. When a critical ventilator or a valuable drug is urgently needed, and the staff spends precious minutes searching for it throughout the building, an accurate positioning system becomes not a luxury, but a necessity.
The Mayo Clinic in Rochester, after the introduction of the medical equipment tracking system, she reported on reducing the search time for equipment by 65%. But more importantly, it has become possible to analyze the routes of movement of equipment and personnel, identifying non–obvious logistical problems. It turned out that some devices were idle in some wings of the hospital, while in others they were sorely lacking – simply because no one was systematically tracking these movements. Now hospital logistics has become the subject of precise calculations rather than random decisions.
Industry and warehouses: logistics without blind spots
In industrial enterprises and large warehouse complexes, internal accounting systems have revolutionized asset management. When it comes to thousands of pieces of equipment, tools and materials scattered over an area of several hectares, manual accounting becomes not only ineffective, it turns into fiction. Modern solutions allow not only to know the exact location of each facility, but also to automatically account for its movement between areas of responsibility, control access, and even predict the need for maintenance.
Company Boeing At its factory in Everett, it has implemented a tracking system for more than 50,000 tools and fixtures. The results exceeded expectations: the search time for the necessary tool was reduced from 30-40 minutes to 2-3, and losses of expensive equipment decreased by 75%. On an industrial scale, where every minute of downtime costs a lot of money, such systems quickly recoup all the costs of implementation, becoming an integral part of the production process.
Education and Science: when every device is important
В университетских кампусах и научно-исследовательских центрах системы внутреннего учета решают сразу несколько важных задач. Дорогостоящее лабораторное оборудование, которое раньше могло «потеряться» между кафедрами или даже зданиями, теперь находится под постоянным контролем. Библиотечные фонды, особенно редкие издания, получают дополнительную защиту от несанкционированного выноса. Даже обычные проекторы и ноутбуки, которые раньше часто исчезали из аудиторий, теперь можно быстро найти с точностью до конкретной комнаты.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology after the implementation of the equipment tracking system, he reported on cost reduction to replace lost equipment by 60%. But more importantly, it has become possible to analyze the actual load of equipment and optimize its use between different departments. When an expensive scientific device worth hundreds of thousands of dollars is not idle, but is effectively used by different research groups, this directly affects the productivity of the entire institution.
The future of internal accounting: from control to forecasting
Modern systems of internal positioning and equipment accounting are no longer just tracking tools – they are turning into complex analytical platforms. Machine learning allows you not only to fix the current position of an object, but also to predict its movements, identify anomalies in use, and offer space and logistics optimization. Some advanced solutions have already implemented integration with enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, which creates a single digital environment for managing all the assets of the organization.
Indoors Navigation is at the forefront of these technologies, offering solutions that combine high positioning accuracy with deep analytics and ease of integration into existing infrastructure. In a world where resource efficiency is becoming a key competitive advantage, internal accounting systems are no longer optional – they are becoming an essential element of the modern business environment, an invisible skeleton that supports and organizes complex organizational structures.
Когда каждый актив, каждый прибор, каждое устройство в большом комплексе становится видимым и управляемым, это меняет саму философию работы с ресурсами. Больше нет необходимости покупать избыточное оборудование «на всякий случай» – теперь можно точно знать, что есть, где находится и как используется. Нет нужды тратить рабочее время сотрудников на бесконечные поиски – вся информация доступна в несколько кликов. И самое главное – появляется возможность принимать управленческие решения, основанные не на догадках, а на точных данных, собранных в режиме реального времени за счет платформы Индорс Навигейшн. В этом и заключается настоящая ценность современных систем внутреннего учета и позиционирования.
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